Investments made to detect fraud and corruption have resulted in more of these economic crimes being detected by corporate controls and oversight mechanisms, corporate services multinational PwC Forensics Services partner Trevor White said on Tuesday.

Detailing the findings for South Africa of the multinational’s global economic crime and fraud survey, he added that 44% of corporate companies in South Africa have increased spending to combat fraud and economic crimes since the 2016 survey, and a further 46% planned to increase this over the next 24 months.

The rate of economic crime detected by corporate controls increased by 7% to 51% of all crimes found, while the detection of economic crime by controls and people beyond management’s control decreased by 17% to 19% of all crimes found.

Economic crimes detected by corporate culture, which makes use of internal tip-off processes and whistleblowing mechanisms, increased by 11% to 30% of overall detections.

Of the 282 South African respondents, of which more than 55% were C-suite executives and 11% were from government, 64% said they actively monitored whistleblower lines to ensure the effectiveness of their compliance and governance processes. This represents a 9% increase since 2016.

It appears that the environments within organisations have become more receptive to trusting internal tip-off processes as seen by the upsurge in the detection of fraud by means of internal tip-offs to 14% compared with 6% in 2016, said White.

“Our findings indicate a shift in thinking whereby 18% of organisations are making use of fraud risk management – more than twice the instances noted in 2016 – and data analytics to detect criminal activity.”

Companies are becoming less inclined to leave the detection of fraud to chance and have taken a decisive stance to actively combat economic crime, said White.

“Almost three-quarters (73%) of South African respondents conducted general fraud risk assessments of their own volition – a sign that our hypothesis regarding organisational awareness is sound,” he added.

The size and complexity of many economic crimes, especially the most disruptive incidents, are changing the methods of detection and forensic investigations, such as those carried out by PwC, said PwC South Africa Forensic Services lead partner Trevor Hills.

“Data analytics is becoming a bigger part of our methods and our [Forensic Services] team’s growth was mainly data scientists and data analysts.”

Similarly, data analytics forms a growing part of the corporate controls deployed to detect and prevent fraud, and constitutes 6% of the 51% of overall fraud incidents detected, confirmed White.

Companies in emerging markets, including South Africa, are investing in advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, at a faster rate than developed nations, and the use of innovative technologies to combat fraud is now a worldwide phenomenon, he said.

“The reason companies are investing more funds in fraud and economic crime detection systems is to prevent them from happening. Our survey underscores that the cost of fraud and of its aftermath is substantial,” said White.

The greatest impact of economic crime is the effect on employee morale. Complex economic crimes that cross jurisdictions and involve the clever use of methods and technologies to hide the crimes takes a team of skilled people time to investigate.

Additionally, the impact on business relations, customer relations and brand damage as a result of economic crime means that investment in the detection and prevention of these activities makes business sense.

Companies will often prefer to initiate investigations and be seen to be active, rather than ignore the issue and run the risk of the issue escaping their control.

Boards and executives are increasingly held personally responsible for fraud and economic crimes, this is changing the nature of most oversight bodies and is also changing the expectations placed on nonexecutive directors.

“Even nonexecutive directors must engage fully with their roles because they will be held accountable.”

Therefore, the moves towards proactively managing fraud risks and leveraging and promoting improved transparency – all of which is supported by more committed, involved business leadership – points to a tipping in the fight against fraud and corruption, said White.

Companies are under increasing risk to act ethically and, luckily, it only takes one of the parties to raise the alarm. To this end, extraterritorial laws, such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act are adding to pressures on multinationals to conduct business ethically regardless of the jurisdiction they operate in.

These laws also represent significant risks of monetary and jail sanctions, which helps to counteract the pressure on individuals and companies to act unethically or illegally.

An improvement in fraud detection and prevention in the private sector will help to reduce the instances of public sector corruption as well.

“It is not possible for government entities, such as municipalities and State-owned companies, to commit fraud of the magnitude and frequency seen over the past decade without willing participants in the private sector,” White said.